What political & economic changes led to the Renaissance? quizlet
Hong Kong has a long history of protestors fighting for autonomy and self-decision, but, under both the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and People's republic of china, Hong Kong and its people accept struggled to get a democracy. Currently, Hong Kong is designated equally a "special administrative region" of China. In theory, this ways a big degree of autonomy from mainland Red china nether the "1 Country, Two Systems" policy. However, the key phrase hither is in theory.
On June 30, 2020, a new security police has clouded that autonomy: No only is it no longer clear if Hong Kong tin determine its ain policies separate from Beijing, but the new law gives China the power to extradite whatever Hong Kong citizen with piffling to no cause. To understand its electric current crisis with China, it's essential to reflect on Hong Kong's complex history — and the way that history continues to reflect in 2021.
British Colonial Rule Overtakes Hong Kong
After the get-go Opium War, Prc ceded the island of Hong Kong to Great Uk. In 1860 and 1898 respectively, additional territories — known today as the Kowloon Peninsula and the New Territories — were ceded to the British. From then on, the British colonized Hong Kong, enacting racist and white supremacist policies accordingly, including banning the utilise of the Chinese language in authorities and creating segregated European-just neighborhoods that were subject to different laws.
Declassified documents show that pressure from Chinese leaders fabricated it clear that the People'south Republic of China would invade Hong Kong if it attained cocky-rule. For case, in 1958, Premier Zhou Enlai called any attempt to bring democracy to the island "a very unfriendly act." That is, despite enjoying the benefits of having a wealthy and economically potent neighbor like Hong Kong, China viewed the prospect of democracy in Hong Kong equally a step toward independence rather than reunification with Red china.
Nonetheless, folks living in Hong Kong pushed for reform and freedom from decades of colonial rule. In the 1960s and '70s, protests over labor atmospheric condition eventually led to a higher standard of living and pressured the colonizers to revoke racist laws. Encouraged past these successes, Hong Kongers exercised their freedom of speech, protested and held communist rallies in the open up.
The British "Return" Hong Kong to China
While some Hong Kongers were optimistic near reunification with Mainland china, others, especially students, worried that People's republic of china would try to have abroad Hong Kong's freedoms instead of preserving the "1 Land, Ii Systems" policy. These fears increased after the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre — a violent crackdown confronting pro-republic protests in Mainland china that caused hundreds or thousands of deaths.
Nonetheless, after more than a decade of negotiations and preparation, Hong Kong was returned to China on July 1st, 1997. Nether the deal, Hong Kong was guaranteed autonomy until 2047. During that time, the Bones Law, a miniature constitution agreed upon by Cathay and the United kingdom, was to be the police force of the land in Hong Kong.
In 2003, an effort was made to pass a police that would brand secession, sedition, subversion or treason confronting the Chinese government illegal. This triggered the beginning major protests against the Chinese authorities, with 500,000 people turning out on July 1 to express their outrage. Ultimately, the legislation was shelved — at least for a time.
Prc'south Attempts to Alter Pedagogy in Hong Kong
In the years that followed the 2003 protests, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) promised autonomous reforms in the futurity. And, although a few alterations were made to Hong Kong's legislature, piffling actually changed — at least, not the direction many Hong Kongers hoped.
In 2012, attempts were made to change the curriculum of Hong Kong's schools to focus more on Chinese history and identity. This was seen by many Hong Kongers as an effort to feed younger generations propaganda virtually mainland Prc. Massive protests bankrupt out, with secondary school students (roughly equivalent to American middle and loftier schoolers) leading the protestation through a group called Scholarism. Hong Kong'south chief executive at the time announced that implementing the curriculum would be optional, rendering China'due south educational programme powerless.
The Umbrella Revolution Grips the World
Even though it was ultimately unsuccessful, the Umbrella Revolution is peradventure the most iconic of Hong Kong's protests. It was sparked past fears that the Chinese government did not intend to keep a hope to create universal suffrage for the city's executive officer by 2017. Protestors demanded the resignation of the current pro-Beijing executive officer and balloter reform, but they had difficulty agreeing on the specifics of the latter demand.
The protests were some of the most vehement and cluttered since the 1960s, with the protestors' utilize of umbrellas to deflect tear gas canisters giving the movement its name. Additionally, the protestors gained international attention for sharing free food with each other and setting up recycling stations to keep streets clean. Eventually, the protests were done in past an inability to unify around a unmarried set of demands and the return of many educatee protestors to school. Withal, the protests permanently strained relations between the people of Hong Kong and mainland China.
China Introduces the Hong Kong Security Law
After the Umbrella Revolution, protests became much more mutual, with more being held in response to a crackdown on unlicensed food vendors as well every bit the first-ever rally for Hong Kong independence in 2016. In 2019, a new national security law was introduced, one that, if passed, would extradite Hong Kong citizens suspected of criminal activity on the mainland to China without a trial.
Protests broke out speedily, swelling to massive numbers when Chief Executive Carrie Lam amended the police force to also allow extradition to Red china for criminal charges. In fact, the protests marked the "biggest political crisis in decades" and, co-ordinate to Reuters, "pose the most serious popular challenge to China's President Xi Jinping since he came to ability." Although Carrie Lam appear on June 15, 2019 that the police force would exist delayed indefinitely, protestors argued that the police could nonetheless be implemented at any fourth dimension and refused to disperse.
Communist china Makes Protestation Nearly Impossible for the People of Hong Kong
From there, the protests became a broader pro-democracy movement. Police force violence against protestors escalated — and law enforcement was suspected of colluding with triad street gangs to attack and intimidate protestors. Eventually, Beijing intervened directly past passing a new security bill. Protestors, the United Kingdom and a myriad of other countries contest the legality of this motility, but there's lilliputian anyone tin do to oppose the Chinese legislation, which allows for the extradition of Hong Kong citizens to Prc and lifetime prison sentences for those folks charged with secession, subversion, terrorism and collusion.
Additionally, the police besides grants People's republic of china and the Beijing-backed chief executive a range of new powers, including wire tapping, closed-door trials, the ability to appoint new judges in national security trials and more. Many kinds of protest now count as secession, subversion, terrorism or collusion, including destruction of belongings. The law went into event but before July 1, the anniversary of Hong Kong's handover to China. Since then, police have shutdown any attempted protests — fifty-fifty though protests and rallies are traditionally held on July 1 — and, in addition to making mass arrests, have used tear gas and rubber bullets confronting Hong Kong citizens.
In response, Hong Kongers have begun deleting social media posts and destroying pro-commonwealth signs out of fear of extradition. In effort to assist Hong Kongers, the Britain promised a path to citizenship for 3 1000000 Hong Kongers — and Taiwan, Australia and the Usa have also fabricated moves to help people from the city who may soon need to seek political aviary. Whether this severe turn of events marks the terminate of the fight for self conclusion in Hong Kong or not, it'due south clear that the new law has irrevocably upended life for the people of Hong Kong.
Source: https://www.reference.com/history/hong-kong-relationship-china-c6dcc7ea8a2fabdc?utm_content=params%3Ao%3D740005%26ad%3DdirN%26qo%3DserpIndex
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